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How has the English dictionary evolved over time?
Language changes with time. New words enter the language and old words often disappear from lack of use. Dictionaries are published so that people can keep up with changes in language and know how to use words properly. These publications may be in print, as is thelawdictionary below, or they may be electronic. Dictionaries can be found on the internet and apps are available for smartphones. Dictionaries are invaluable for good, reliable communication.
The Modern Periodic Table
The periodic table has undergone extensive changes in the time since it was originally developed by Mendeleev and Moseley. Many new elements have been discovered, while others have been artificially synthesized. Each fits properly into a group of elements with similar properties. The periodic table is an arrangement of the elements in order of their atomic numbers, so that elements with similar properties appear in the same vertical column or group.
The figure below shows the most commonly used form of the periodic table. Each square shows the chemical symbol of the element along with its name. Notice that several of the symbols seem to be unrelated to the name of the element: \(\ce{Fe}\) for iron, \(\ce{Pb}\) for lead, etc. Most of these are the elements that have been known since ancient times and have symbols based on their Latin names. The atomic number of each element is written above the symbol.
A period is a horizontal row of the periodic table. There are seven periods in the periodic table, with each one beginning at the far left. A new period begins when a new principal energy level begins filling with electrons. Period 1 has only two elements (hydrogen and helium), while periods 2 and 3 have 8 elements. Periods 4 and 5 have 18 elements. Periods 6 and 7 have 32 elements, because the two bottom rows that are separatefrom the rest of the table belong to those periods. These two rowsare pulled out in order to make the table itself fit more easily onto a single page.
A group is a vertical column of the periodic table, based on the organization of the outer shell electrons. There are a total of 18 groups. There are two different numbering systems that are commonly used to designate groups, and you should be familiar with both. The traditional system used in the United States involves the use of the letters A and B. The first two groups are 1A and 2A, while the last six groups are 3A through 8A. The middle groups use B in their titles. Unfortunately, there was a slightly different system in place in Europe. To eliminate confusion, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) decided that the official system for numbering groups would be a simple 1 through 18 from left to right. Many periodic tables show both systems simultaneously.
Most recent depictions of the periodic table show an incomplete seventh period. In fact, many of those seventh period elements were not known before the early twentieth century. Many elements have been synthesized by bombarding known elements with sub-atomic particles such as neutrons oralphaparticles. Uranium has been used in this manner to produce elements 93-100. Larger elements (atomic numbers 101 and above) are formed by fusingnucleiof smaller elements together.
These synthetic elements tend to be very unstable, often existing for less than a second, so little is known about them. Elements up to atomic number 112 are known (not in any detail, however), and some evidence for elements 113 and above had been put forth, with elements 114 and 116 being added to the table in 2011. In December 2015, the IUPAC verified the existence of four new elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 and approved their addition to the periodic table.
The following are the new element names and their origins:
- Element 113 was named Nihonium, symbol Nh, proposed by Japanese researchers after the Japanese word Nihon, which means Japan.
- A team of scientists from Russia and the United States named element 115, Moscovium, symbol Mc, after Moscow and element 117, Tennessine, symbol Ts, after Tennessee.
- The Russian team that discovered element 118 named it Oganesson, symbol Og, after Yuri Oganessian, a prolific element hunter.
These elements complete the seventh period or row of the periodic table.
The video below reviews groups and trends in the periodic table:
Watch the additional videos below to learn more about the newly identified and named chemical elements:
Element Name and Symbol: Nihonium (Nh)
Atomic Number: 113
Element Name and Symbol: Moscovium (Mc)
Atomic Number: 115
Element Name and Symbol: Tennessine (Ts)
Atomic Number: 117
Element Name and Symbol: Oganesson (Og)
Atomic Number: 118
Summary
- The periodic table is arranged in order of atomic number.
- A period is a horizontal row of the periodic table.
- A group is a vertical row of the periodic table.
Review
- How is today’s periodic table different from the one that Mendeleev published?
- Are all the elements in today’s periodic table naturally occurring? Explain your answer.
- What is a “period"? What does it represent?
- What is a “group"? What does it represent?
- Why are there two different numbering systems for groups?
